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Executive Summary

Heating and cooling in the Netherlands account for approximately 40% of total energy consumption. As globalization continues to increase, it becomes increasingly important to find carbon-neutral solutions for space heating and cooling. Despite the fact that renewable energy is a viable option, energy mismatch still persists due to nature's unpredictable supply of heat and cold. Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) offers a long-term solution by storing excess heat or cold in an underground aquifer during one season and recovering it in a subsequent season. While ATES systems provide higher efficiency and lower costs than traditional methods, the heat pump, which accounts for 50% of ATES' energy consumption, remains of concern.

This limitation has been addressed in a new proof-of-concept system that uses three wells (a triplet) supplemented by solar heat collectors and dry coolers without using a heat pump. Solar heat collectors are used to charge the hot well when sufficient solar radiation is available. Heat is generated by the latter, which heats the water and stores it in the hot well, which is then used for heating the building in cold weather. Similarly, water injected into the cold well in winter is cooled with a dry cooler; in summer, this water can be used directly for cooling. An additional well is installed to prevent thermal pollution due to the fact that hot wells generally have higher temperatures than doublet systems, and building return water is of variable temperature, which prevents direct injection into either well. The feasibility of ATES triplet system is determined by assessing building, subsurface, hydraulic, and control simulation tools individually. Furthermore, integrating these detailed simulation tools into a hybrid environment to optimize the system performance.

The tool is intended to be used as a Design Decision Support (DDS) tool in order to facilitate effective communication between subsurface, hydraulic, and building models. This project focuses on identifying all possible modes of operation for ATES triplet, as well as developing energy management strategies to manage the energy supply and demand of the building's users. The tool has been developed in Stateflow, a MATLAB Simulink toolbox that allows visual representation of energy management strategies by using state diagrams. The tool has three main functions: switching between pumps, calculating flow and temperature. As the tool provides a dataset that may be used by a variety of end users, it is intended to serve as a resource for multiple types of users. As a result of the simulation results, the tool provides simple and easy-to-understand energy management strategies for each operating mode.

Funded by: NWO project 鈥淎TES Triplet鈥�