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At the heart of an HBFB lies a crucial component: the ion exchange membrane. This membrane acts as a selective barrier, allowing the passage of charged particles (ions) necessary for the battery's operation. The membrane also prevents the crossover of other species that reduce the battery鈥檚 efficiency and lifespan. Currently, the ion exchange membranes in HBFBs often rely on perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA), an expensive material with environmental concerns. My thesis focuses on developing a more sustainable and affordable alternative by creating high-performing and cost-effective membranes using a method called electrospinning and exploring various polymer blends to reduce the need for PFSA.

Electrospinning uses electricity to create very thin polymer fibers. These fibers are collected on a flexible mat and later pressed together to form a dense membrane. This technique is particularly advantageous for blending different polymers to create membranes with the customized ability to selectively filter ions.

My research explored blending different types of polymers with varying properties. One key component is a special type of polymer that conducts ions, allowing the battery to charge and discharge. I investigated how the proportion of this conductive polymer, along with other supporting materials, affects the overall performance and durability of the membrane. I also looked at layering different compositions to build a more durable and high-performance membrane. Finally, I studied adding porous outer layers that can act as a breathable shell, to further optimize the battery's efficiency and lifespan.

This research has made a significant contribution to developing high-performing membranes for HBFBs using less of the expensive and environmentally unfriendly materials found in current batteries. It has identified promising combinations of materials and layering strategies that significantly improve performance and reduce costs.

While these new membranes show great potential, there is still work to be done. Future research will focus on improving their long-term stability and further optimizing the balance between material composition, membrane thickness and battery performance. This work brings us closer to a future where renewable energy is accessible, reliable and sustainable.